The problem of the use of examples in ToK essay
Recently, whilst working with students preparing for the May 2025 exam session, I’ve noticed an increasing focus on examples in their ToK essays, often at the expense of deeper ToK analysis. In this post, I’ll explore why this may be happening, clarify what the IB actually requires, and offer some practical advice and resources for both students and teachers.
The Problem with the Use of Examples
Over the past 18 years of reviewing students' ToK essays, a recurring issue has been the overemphasis on real-life examples. Typically, students devote around 80% of their essay to examples and only 20% to actual ToK analysis. However, this year the problem appears to be even more pronounced, with some drafts allocating 95% or more to examples, leaving little room for ToK exploration.
A possible reason for this shift could be the influence of the ToK Exhibition, which places significant emphasis on objects and their real-world contexts. This focus may inadvertently affect students' approach to the essay, leading them to prioritise descriptive examples over analytical exploration.
What Does the IB Actually Want?
To clarify expectations, let’s look at the IB assessment criteria. The ToK essay mark scheme emphasises that “arguments should be supported by examples”, not the other way around. This tells us two important things:
1. Knowledge arguments should be the primary focus. Examples should serve as a means to support the argument rather than dominate the essay.
2. Examples play a supporting role, providing clarity and context, but should not overshadow the central ToK analysis.
Updated Guidance from IB Examiners
In the most recent ToK Subject Report May 2024, there is greater clarification in the advice given regarding the use of examples:
- Depth over quantity: Students must provide deeper analysis and exploration of examples rather than simply presenting them.
- Purpose of examples: Examples should "shed further light on a matter or help the reader make a connection that otherwise would not be possible."
- How many examples per Area of Knowledge (AoK)? There is no set number, but the May 2024 report suggests that a single example is often insufficient. A good rule of thumb is to use one example to support a claim and another for the main evaluation point in each AoK (therefore, 4 examples as a minimum).
- Generalisation: One of the key purposes of examples is to allow students to generalise and apply insights to broader contexts.
Support, Help, and Solutions
For Students
Students can benefit from structured approaches to writing claims and using examples effectively. To assist with this, I have prepared a document that outlines how to:
- Write knowledge claims linked to real-world examples.
- Differentiate between ToK analysis and real-world content.
- Structure essay paragraphs effectively.
Write the ToK Essay in 6 Easy Steps
Additionally, my book, "Write the ToK Essay in 6 Easy Steps" provides a comprehensive guide on structuring essays, writing knowledge claims, and using examples effectively. Click here to pick it up.
For Teachers
Teaching the necessary writing skills for the ToK essay can be challenging. To support teachers, I have created the "Teach the ToK Essay in 12 Lessons" resource pack, which includes:
- 12 structured lessons guiding students through the essay-writing process.
- Ready-made lesson plans, presentations, and explainer videos.
- Step-by-step guidance on writing claims, evaluating knowledge, and using examples effectively.
ToK Writing Skills
In addition, I have collaborated with fellow educators to develop a ToK skills diagram, identifying six key written skills students need to master for success in their essays. I
will include some lesson plans for written skills development in the next blogpost.
The use of examples in the ToK essay should enhance rather than dominate the argument. By striking the right balance, students can create essays that are both insightful and well-supported.
I'd love to hear your thoughts and experiences in the comments section. Don’t forget to set a good example by sharing this post, and if you found it helpful, consider subscribing to our blog for more ToK content.
Stay toktastic, my friend!
Daniel, Lisbon, Jan 2025
